Nyaya philosophy of knowledge reveals both the subject and the object which are quite distinct from itself. Pramana is a valid means of knowledge.' Nyaya accepts four valid means of knowledge viz. perception (pratyaksha), inference (anumana), testimony (shabda), and comparison (upmana).Important PointsSmoke Can't Exist without fire also being present : There is fire on the hill (the pratijñ?, thesis). Because there is smoke on the hill (the hetu, reason, or probans).Wherever there is smoke, there is fire like a kitchen hearth and unlike a lake (the ud?hara?a, illustration of concomitance).This hill is likewise smoky (the upanaya, application of the rule).Thus, there is fire on the hill (the nigamana, conclusion). Additional InformationFire Causes Smoke: This Statement is generalized, it's not necessary that fire will Cause Smoke. Thus this statement is wrong.Therefore with the help of the above information, we can conclude that smoke cannot exist without fire also being present there.